Foreign trade and international specialization

There is a reciprocal relationship between foreign trade andinternational specialization as related to foreign tradeclosely linked to the phenomenon of international specialization and division of labor at the international levelwhere the said economists Classic on the phenomenon ofthe link where they decide that an individual if majoring inperformance of the work of one so good and brings adegree of skills inevitably will increase productivity and thenget at the highest level of economic well-being must bespecialized in producing countries of certain types of goods and services with high efficiency of production

Noticeable
There are many reasons, including the internationalspecialization .........

The different natural conditions
Performed where the different natural conditions in each country to specialization in the production of some raw materials and intermediate goods and final goods of agricultural and industrial

The abundance and scarcity of production elements
Especially racial labor and capital as the most importantcomponents of the production

Transportation costs
As costs of transporting a commodity affect the extent of the market for this item

Finally, the availability of modern technology
Modern technology is important in our times Countries thathave available modern technology can produce goods orcapital goods production.

The concept of foreign trade

The foreign trade is one of the branches of the economywhere the specialized study of international economic transactions, represented in the movements of goods andservices and capital between the States as well as trade policies applied by the countries of the world to influence themovements of goods and services and capital between different countries.

Noticeable
There are very great importance of foreign trade arisewhere the importance of the world in access to goods and services from other countries is attributable to the followingreasons 0000
The inability of any country in the world regardless of theeconomic power that is working on the production of all goods and services you need locally, due to lack of raw materials or their conditions and factors suitable for the production of locally

Different costs of producing the same commodity in the world where the ability of some countries to produce a particular good internal costs less than imported from other countries

Noticeable
Through what is already there, a very useful phrase that each country should specialize in the production of goodsand services produced at a lower cost than other countries in the world

Process of economic development

Means the process of economic development
As not just an increase in output or real national income and in average per capita in the community, but also includes a radical change in the structure of economic and social activity in the community.

The concept of economic development, broad and more comprehensive than concept of economic growth, wherelimited the concept of economic growth to an increase innational income and in average per capita.

        While the concept of economic development

In addition to the above also include a measure radical changes in the structure of production and how to use theproduction and distribution of elements between the various economic sectors to ensure the continuation of the growth process a way cumulative


                    Human Development

Defines human development as the process of expandingthe range of options for individuals and most important of these options is that the lives of people long life anddisease-free and receive a reasonable amount ofeducation and be able to access to resources that ensure the them decent standard of living as well as their enjoyment of freedoms, fundamental and human rights and respect forhuman for the same

Economic growth

Known as economic growth in a continuous and rapidincrease in income or real GNP over time, thus increasingthe average per capita during the period of time.

Conditions of an economic growth
There are two bases for an economic growth which is .........

That the rate of growth of real national income is greater than the rate of population growth.

That the rate of increase in average per capita cash income of the largest rate of increase in the general level of prices

Secondly social and political manifestations of underdevelopment

There are many manifestations of social and politicalbackwardness and which ----------

Severe shortage in the categories of qualified organizersand administrators The lack of a stable system of sanctionsprovides the right incentives and the lack of training centerswith the absence of the necessary orientation of education.

High rate of population growth
Developing countries suffer from a high growth rate of the population compared to the resources
The measured rate of natural growth of a country the difference between birth rate and death rate during theperiod of time, usually years.

Low level of education
Suffer severely from poor developing countries and the lowlevel of education.

Low level of health
Developing countries suffer from poor health conditionsrepresented by the spread of diseases and epidemics.

Outbreak of the phenomenon of corruption
The actions that result in the achievement of the interests and benefits and special privileges at the expense of public interests.

High rate of unemployment and underemployment

The high rate of unemployment, underemploymentmanifestation of economic underdevelopment

Taken as disguised unemployment in the country developingthe form of a number of workers in productive activitiesincrease the needs for these activities

There are several reasons for the high rate ofunderemployment in the agricultural sector, a ...........
Disruption of the structure of production.
Weakness of the industrial sector.
The use of primitive methods of production.
The extended family system.
Professional values ​​and traditions.

Weakness of the capital available

The weakness of the available capital of the manifestations of economic backwardness

  Capital is divided into two sections ...........

Physical capital and human capital as physical capitalconsists of productive capital and social capital

Defines social capital as an equipment and machinery,factories and raw materials that enter in the process ofproduction of goods and services

While social capital is defined as a collective facilities of the national economy as roads, bridges, railways, airports andMani, hospitals and schools

There is a relationship of mutual influence between physical capital and human
Developing countries suffer from the relative scarcity ofcapital in a highly available for the other factors of production and also lower average per capita income of theproductive capital and poor social facilities and infrastructure

Economic dependence on outside

The economic dependency of the outside of the most important aspects of economic backwardness as taking three forms, a ----

Dependency of Commerce

The economists measured the degree of dependencyIndicators of three together attest to the existence of a subordinate relationship, a business ............

Economic vulnerability index, which shows the relative importance of foreign trade of a country's output in the National

Commodity concentration index, which shows the relative importance of what issued by a country of majorcommodities to total exports

Geographic concentration index shows the relative importance of the most important partners for the country in the exports market


Financial dependence

Represent the face of the subordination of monetary and commercial natural result of the disruption of the production structure of the economy developing


Technological dependence

The most serious form of economic dependency, wheretechnology is al-Faisal in determining economic progress as well as the monopoly of the country's production and export of advanced technology, therefore it can impose unfairconditions in the sale of technology embodied in the form ofcapital goods