Trade policy

Trade policy is known as a set of laws, regulations, procedures, and the measure taken by the state to trade with the outside world in order to achieve economic interest
There are 3 trends towards trade policy


1 Some economists are supporters of the policy of freedom of trade as to defend the theory of comparative advantages in terms of see their point of view that the interest of a particular country an integral part of the world's interest as a whole
Therefore, from the point of view, the optimal trade policy is the liberalization of various goods and services and production elements of any obstacles that may impede their movements from one country to another


2 Some economists are supporters of the policy of restricting trade with the outside world see that as a group of countries with competing national interests, therefore, should an independent trade policy that works to restrict the movements of both goods and services and factors of production


3 Some economists are supporters of the trends in real terms Hola economists believe that the selection of economic policy must be linked to economic conditions of countries without complying with a prior

Differences between foreign trade and domestic trade

Of the most important aspects of the differences between foreign trade and domestic trade is ............
Different legislation and laws regulating the exchange in each country
As the national goods and services have full freedom of movement within the borders of the state while he was subject to the movement of foreign goods and services from outside to within the borders of the state to a set of restrictions under the name of trade policy is most famous of these restrictions charging customs taxSol and the need in some cases, permission by an official to allow the importation and setting conditions on the quality and quantity of the imported commodity is, it is clear that the application of certain trade policy achieved the national interest at the expense of the interests of other countries


       Mobility of production factors for
As the conventional economic theory has 4 elements key part in the production process, namely capital, labor, land and the organization and are moving production elements easily within the borders of the state in light of the availability of the conditions of perfect competition, guided by the locations achieved the highest net return separately within this State if the consideration of economic priority indecision-making processEither in the scope of foreign trade, there is a limitation of legislative, technical, social and political elements hinder the free movement of production between countries as a result of the ability of the different elements of production to move between states that within a single stateBut exceptions were in the back of labor migration from Britain to the territory of the New World and the movement of capital, investments and developments in modern production elements led to the emergence of component technology to
Different currencies at the exchange deal for the local counterpart to the level of international economic transactions
As the national currency is used within the State where it is accepted compulsory in the implementation of economic transactions of Interior, while he was outside the state are transactions using gold or any foreign currency received accept-year-hence the foreign exchange market to determine the exchange rate of foreign currency through the interaction between supply and the demand for currency
Separation of markets

Show the phenomenon of the separation of marketsDue to external factors of the most important ...........
Natural limitations, Which is represented in the spatial and geographical dimension, which shows the influence of high prices, the total cost of the commodityDifferent customs and traditions between the countries and someFinally, language differences
Administrative restrictions
The restrictions associated with the political climate of the relationship between States and also the imposition of customs duties and foreign exchange controls

The reasons for the increasing interest in foreign trade

There are many reasons for growing interest in foreign trade and we will mention some of them, the most important.........

The emergence of international institutions in the areas of money, finance, development and trade.The world enters the era of economic cooperation and trade between nations.

The trend towards economic globalization and international markets in the direction of liberalization of foreign trade.

The emergence of fundamental problems in the economies of developing countries at the international level, such as the deterioration of international exchange rates in developing countries is not valid and the persistent deficit in the balance of payments.

Lack of economic capacity of any country with varied geographical and natural characteristics and the degree of economic progress for achieving self-sufficiency to give up the advantages of foreign trade and the high level of economic well-being of the state.

Relative abundance of different elements of production and therefore different costs of domestic production of goods between countries with relatively the existence of the possibility of specialization of the diverse countries in the production of goods that countries feature relatively production and a surplus for export.

Different degree of importance of international trade between nations, according to the size of the state and the degree of economic progress and the availability of production elements have, or according to the state of the state from one time period to another.

A positive relationship between the volume of economic exchange outside of the state and degree of application of the policy of free trade on foreign economic transactions.

International Economics

Introduction
Is an important branch of international economics and basicscience in the modern economy, it is linked to economic relations between the countries is aware of the economicsof international science important and derived its importance from the developments, which caught him on both theoretical and practical
The world seemed to enter the era of international economic cooperation since the days of World War II,where the first agreements, bilateral abolition of restrictions on trade through the formation of customs unions and to establish a common market, and finally down to the Union's economic and towards the liberalization of international economic transactions intercepted by the application of the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century, but amid thewave of anti-liberation economic transactions took indecline with the increasing international efforts to liberalizeinternational trade of trade restrictions between thecountries was established with the World Trade Organization in 1995 and granted the organization of developing countries a period of time to document their positions in line with the general trend for the Liberation ofeconomic transactions between the States and with the founding of the global trade has become a global economicaffairs managed by 3 international institutions which ........

International Monetary Fund
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
World Trade Organization

The evolution of money

Thirdly paper moneyForms first appeared in the form of paper money receiptsmodule that later became the bearer bonds
And became traded from hand to hand

Fourthly money, credit
Divided the money to the credit ----

Money, legal
It is money in the basic sphincter
And so named because it derives its strength from the force of law and the acceptance of individuals with general acceptance and the monopoly of the right of the central bank issued
It is imperative that the central bank to hold the assets equalin value to what has values ​​of issuing money and divided the assets cover gold and divided the money to the legal

Mandatory cash.
A banknotes issued by the Central Bank

Money to help
Is a unit of money value of simple, usually issued by theTreasury
The help of money in facilitating exchange of small-value

Money, banking
The money in the bank current deposits with commercial banks, which are traded and transfer of ownership from person to person by check


V. electronic moneyThe money that can be used online in the payment of the values ​​of goods and services

The evolution of money

We have passed the money several developments, including the -----------

Firstly the money of commodityWhere is the money commodity money in it be equallyvalued as a commodity with a market value or with theintrinsic value or with cash value and in the first stages ofthe evolution of money, money emerged calculations were limited to a mere function to provide an acceptable basis for measuring the exchange values ​​of goods shop

Secondly metallic moneyThe coins of the best forms of commodity money, wherethey are made of precious metals
The preferred human use of gold and silver for the rest of the metal due to its unique characteristics of precious metals as money following -------
General acceptance by individuals considered as a symbolof wealth and prosperity
Portability and storage.
Indivisibility without loss of value.
Relatively constant value due to their rarity and the stability of supply.
Homogeneity and ease of classification because ofusability methods and ease of configuration.
Hardness, durability and lack of susceptibility to corrosion.
Ease of discrimination type and the impossibility of forgery.
Ability to save without being subjected to damage or rust.

Barter system

The barter system of the first swap images in the history ofhuman

The concept of barter system
Defined as a commodity commodity swap another without the use of money

Conditions for successful barter system
There are prerequisites for the success of the barter system of the most important ...........

The need to achieve compatibility between the twin desires of the clients.

The need to find a measure determined on the basis of which exchange rates between the goods the subject ofexchange.

Need the ability to exchange goods the subject offragmentation without changing form, content or nature of agiven degree of flexibility needed to implement the exchange.

The need to maintain their properties natural goods for a period of time.

Difficulties of barter systemWhere with the increasing number and variety of goodsappeared many problems in the barter system is the most important ........

1. Difficult to achieve compatibility between the dual desires of the clients.
2. Find it difficult to measure rates determined on the basis of which the swap between the parties barter.
3. Inability of retail goods.
4. Difficult to store some goods.